Explore the evidence
6 of 88 decisions · 3 collapse at your settings · clear everything
Survives the gold standardIndependent, durable, rigorousThe debunked shelfCheap winsFor parents at homeFamous numbers, deflatedWhere we admit ignoranceThe terrain
survival prior
Your situation · from the applicability layer — absence means “not yet assessed,” never “doesn’t apply”
Spacing beats massing at equal total time — the most robust finding in learning science. Space repetitions at ~10–20% of how long you need to remember.
strong supportconf: highgc: lowinsufficient at your settings1/712/48connected:Interleaving (mixing problem typesMath-fact fluency and timed practiRetrieval practice (the testing ef
Spaced (distributed) practice · practice · ages 6–18 · method
Group within classes or across grades by subject: modest, nearly free wins. Whole-school streaming does nothing, and early between-school tracking harms the bottom.
moderate supportconf: highgc: lowAbility grouping and tracking — four practices, four verdicts · grouping · ages 5–18 · structure
Accelerate ready kids: they keep pace with older classmates, bank a year, and show no social-emotional harm at 50. The gifted label itself does nothing; the content does.
moderate supportconf: highgc: mediumAcceleration and gifted programs — the label vs the content · grouping · ages 5–18 · structure
Novices learn faster studying solutions than solving problems — then the effect reverses with expertise. Use worked examples early; fade them.
moderate supportconf: mediumgc: lowinsufficient at your settingsWorked examples (studying solutions vs solving problems) · instruction-style · ages 10–18 · method
Near-zero in primary and almost entirely correlational in secondary. The causal base is three small trials; what the homework IS beats how much of it there is.
mixedconf: mediumgc: medium5/1629/48
Homework — effects by age and by dosage · homework · ages 5–18 · structure
Trust the composite; distrust the breakdown. Subtest strengths-and-weaknesses replicate at chance on retest, and most of what people read off a score report is noise.
mixedconf: mediumgc: lowinsufficient at your settings0/2124/48
What a standardized achievement score does and does not license · assessment · ages 5–18 · structure
Not yet assessed for this question · 5
- Physical activity as an input — dose, fitness, and school outcomes
- Explicit instruction vs discovery/inquiry — how much guidance?
- Homeschool socialisation — the most-asked question, and the least answerable one
- School starting age, relative age, and academic redshirting
- Vision — outdoor time against myopia, and screening and correction for achievement
The URL is the state — any view you build here is a permalink you can hand to someone mid-argument.