Examining the Impact of Later High School Start Times on the Health and Academic Performance of High School Students: A Multi-Site Study (CAREI technical report)
Wahlstrom K, and colleagues (Center for Applied Research and Educational Improvement, University of Minnesota) · 2014
grade Dquasi-experimentdeveloper-involvednot-applicable
Sample
not established
Population
US high school students across multiple districts and states (reported as an eight-high-school, three-state study); details unverified
Design
ACCESS FAILURE. This CAREI technical report is one of the most frequently cited items in start-time advocacy but is not deposited with a DOI and is not indexed by Crossref, Europe PMC, OpenAlex, or Semantic Scholar. A Crossref title search returned no matching record. A direct fetch of the University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy landing page (https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/162769) returned HTTP 403 Forbidden. No abstract, sample size, effect estimate, or comparison-group structure could be verified from any accessible source, so none is reported here.
Key findings
Not extracted — the report could not be accessed. Nothing from it is used in the topic verdict. Downstream syntheses that did read it (Marx 2017, Biller 2022) rate the multi-site grey literature on this topic as high risk of bias, chiefly for lack of comparison groups.
Genetic confound
Cannot be assessed without the document. Districts in the study self-selected into changing their bell times, which is the same selection concern that applies to every uncontrolled multi-site pre-post in this literature.
Effects
| Outcome | Metric | Value | Measure | Timing | Vs | Horizon | Class |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| not extracted | not extracted | inaccessible - no data retrieved | unknown | n/a | unclear | not-applicable | domain-skill |