Some Evidence on the Cognitive Benefits of Learning to Code

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Not applicable.

A Frontiers in Psychology opinion and perspective piece restating the authors' own meta-analytic series. No new data. Read at secondary depth.

Restates the 2019 headline numbers — coding skills g = 0.75, general cognitive skills g = 0.47, creative thinking through spatial skills 0.37 to 0.73, literacy -0.02 — and concludes that the evidence supporting the cognitive benefits of learning to code is promising, while qualifying that direct transfer does not happen automatically and that the debate has not yet been settled. It is retained as the citable form of the pro-transfer position, and as an illustration of how the 2019 moderator analysis — far transfer at 0.15 against active controls — disappears when the same authors summarise their own work for a general audience.

Not applicable — no new estimates.

An opinion piece restating existing work; nothing to replicate.