Chronic early absence

unknown - could not be established

US K-12 students (chronic-absenteeism advocacy literature)

DOI CORRECTION — the previously recorded DOI (10.1177/0031721716671901) registers to Chang, Russell-Tucker & Sullivan, a different Phi Delta Kappan piece with a near-identical title. Removed rather than left asserting a paper this record does not describe. Could not be read. Phi Delta Kappan deposits no abstract with Crossref, Semantic Scholar returns nothing for the DOI, and the SAGE landing page returned only the journal homepage rather than article content. This is the flagship practitioner-facing piece of the Balfanz/Byrnes chronic absenteeism advocacy corner and was sought specifically to document what that corner rests on; the access failure means its design and estimates are unverified here.

Not established. The wider Balfanz/Byrnes body of work is descriptive - counts of chronically absent students and cross-sectional associations with achievement and graduation - but that characterisation is not verified for this specific article and is not used as evidence anywhere in the topic.

Unassessable without access. Descriptive chronic-absenteeism reporting of this kind is, by construction, cross-sectional and therefore maximally exposed to the confound.