Nutrition and cognitive achievement: An evaluation of the School Breakfast Program - Frisvold, DE (2015)
quasi-experiment; evidence grade B

The Effect of Providing Breakfast in Class on Student Performance - Imberman, SA; Kugler, AD (2014)
quasi-experiment; evidence grade B

Breakfast in the Classroom Initiative Does Not Improve Attendance or Standardized Test Scores among Urban Students: A Cluster Randomized Trial - Luan, D; Foster, GD; Fisher, JO; Weeks, HM; Polonsky, HM; Davey, A; Sherman, S; Abel, ML; Bauer, KW (2022)
rct; evidence grade B

Effects of a free school breakfast programme on children's attendance, academic achievement and short-term hunger: results from a stepped-wedge, cluster randomised controlled trial - Ni Mhurchu, C; Gorton, D; Turley, M; Jiang, Y; Michie, J; Maddison, R; Hattie, J (2013)
rct; evidence grade B

School meal quality and academic performance - Anderson, ML; Gallagher, J; Ramirez Ritchie, E (2018)
quasi-experiment; evidence grade B

Universal Access to Free School Meals and Student Achievement - Ruffini, KJ (2021)
quasi-experiment; evidence grade B

School feeding programs for improving the physical and psychological health of school children experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage (Cochrane Review) - Kristjansson, E; Dignam, M; Rizvi, A; Osman, M; Magwood, O; Olarte, D; Cohen, JF; Krasevec, J; Grover, T; Labelle, PR; Garner, JA; Janzen, L; et al. (2025)
meta-analysis; evidence grade B

Free school meals and cognitive ability: Evidence from China's student nutrition improvement plan - Duan, X; Liang, Y; Peng, X (2024)
natural-experiment; evidence grade B

The Effects of Breakfast and Breakfast Composition on Cognition in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review - Adolphus, K; Lawton, CL; Champ, CL; Dye, L (2016)
review; evidence grade C

Methodological Challenges in Studies Examining the Effects of Breakfast on Cognitive Performance and Appetite in Children and Adolescents - Adolphus, K; Bellissimo, N; Lawton, CL; Ford, NA; Rains, TM; Totosy de Zepetnek, J; Dye, L (2017)
critique; evidence grade D

The Impact of Skipping Breakfast on Academic Performance in Youths: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies - Seura, T; Nagai, R; Yamazaki, S; Bando, K; Sogawa, M (2025)
meta-analysis; evidence grade D

Multiple micronutrient supplementation for improving cognitive performance in children: systematic review of randomized controlled trials - Eilander, A; Gera, T; Sachdev, HS; Transler, C; van der Knaap, HC; Kok, FJ; Osendarp, SJ (2010)
meta-analysis; evidence grade B

Effects of multiple micronutrient supplementation on cognitive function in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials - Asgari Avini, N; Shahinfar, H; Yazdian, Z; Ranjbar, M; Shab-Bidar, S (2026)
meta-analysis; evidence grade C

Effects of iron supplementation on cognitive development in school-age children: Systematic review and meta-analysis - Gutema, BT; Sorrie, MB; Megersa, ND; Yesera, GE; Yeshitila, YG; Pauwels, NS; De Henauw, S; Abbeddou, S (2023)
meta-analysis; evidence grade C

Psychiatric and cognitive outcomes of iron supplementation in non-anemic children, adolescents, and menstruating adults: A meta-analysis and systematic review - Fiani, D; Chahine, S; Zaboube, M; Solmi, M; Powers, JM; Calarge, C (2025)
meta-analysis; evidence grade C

Zinc intake, status and indices of cognitive function in adults and children: a systematic review and meta-analysis - Warthon-Medina, M; Moran, VH; Stammers, AL; Dillon, S; Qualter, P; Nissensohn, M; Serra-Majem, L; Lowe, NM (2015)
meta-analysis; evidence grade C

Iodine supplementation improves cognition in mildly iodine-deficient children - Gordon, RC; Rose, MC; Skeaff, SA; Gray, AR; Morgan, KM; Ruffman, T (2009)
rct; evidence grade B

Docosahexaenoic acid for reading, cognition and behavior in children aged 7-9 years: a randomized, controlled trial (the DOLAB Study) - Richardson, AJ; Burton, JR; Sewell, RP; Spreckelsen, TF; Montgomery, P (2012)
rct; evidence grade B

Docosahexaenoic acid for reading, working memory and behavior in UK children aged 7-9: A randomized controlled trial for replication (the DOLAB II study) - Montgomery, P; Spreckelsen, TF; Burton, A; Burton, JR; Richardson, AJ (2018)
replication; evidence grade B

The effect of sugar on behavior or cognition in children: a meta-analysis - Wolraich, ML; Wilson, DB; White, JW (1995)
meta-analysis; evidence grade B