Effectiveness of grade retention: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Goos, M; Pipa, J; Peixoto, F (2021)
meta-analysis; evidence grade B

Quality of Research Design Moderates Effects of Grade Retention on Achievement: A Meta-Analytic, Multilevel Analysis - Allen, CS; Chen, Q; Willson, VL; Hughes, JN (2009)
meta-analysis; evidence grade B

Meta-analysis of Grade Retention Research: Implications for Practice in the 21st Century - Jimerson, SR (2001)
meta-analysis; evidence grade D

EFFECTS OF GRADE RETENTION POLICIES: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF EMPIRICAL STUDIES APPLYING CAUSAL INFERENCE - Valbuena, J; Mediavilla, M; Choi Á; Gil, M (2021)
review; evidence grade B

The effects of test-based retention on student outcomes over time: Regression discontinuity evidence from Florida - Schwerdt, G; West, MR; Winters, MA (2017)
quasi-experiment; evidence grade B

The Medium-Run Effects of Florida’s Test-Based Promotion Policy - Winters, MA; Greene, JP (2012)
quasi-experiment; evidence grade B

Remedial Education and Student Achievement: A Regression-Discontinuity Analysis - Jacob, BA; Lefgren, L (2004)
quasi-experiment; evidence grade B

The Effect of Grade Retention on High School Completion - Jacob, B; Lefgren, L (2009)
quasi-experiment; evidence grade B

Test-based promotion policies, dropping out, and juvenile crime - Eren, O; Depew, B; Barnes, S (2017)
quasi-experiment; evidence grade B

The Effect of Grade Retention on Adult Crime: Evidence from a Test-Based Promotion Policy - Eren, O; Lovenheim, MF; Mocan, NH (2022)
quasi-experiment; evidence grade B

The Effects of Grade Retention on High School Outcomes: Evidence from New York City Schools - Mariano, LT; Martorell, P; Berglund, T (2024)
quasi-experiment; evidence grade B

The Causal Effects of Grade Retention on Behavioral Outcomes - Martorell, P; Mariano, LT (2018)
quasi-experiment; evidence grade B

Hold Back To Move Forward? Early Grade Retention And Student Misbehavior - Özek, U (2015)
quasi-experiment; evidence grade B

Helping or Hurting: The Effects of Retention in the Third Grade on Student Outcomes - Hwang, N; Koedel, C (2023)
quasi-experiment; evidence grade B

The Effect of Retention Under Mississippi's Test-Based Promotion Policy - Slungaard Mumma, K; Winters, MA (2023)
quasi-experiment; evidence grade C

Early Grade Retention Harms Adult Earnings - Zhong, J (2026)
quasi-experiment; evidence grade B

The Cost of Grade Retention - Manacorda, M (2012)
quasi-experiment; evidence grade B

Assessing the impact of grade retention: A cautionary tale of exclusion restriction violations - Berne, JS; Jacob, BA; Weiland, C; Strunk, KO (2026)
critique; evidence grade B

Effects of Abolishing Grade Retention on Educational Achievement, Mental Health and Adult Crime - Zhang, S; Huang, A (2024)
natural-experiment; evidence grade B